Is+that+pure+rump+roast?+Nothing+butt.

Lachlan spring: N8801151

1. TOPIC

Investigate the evidence on the relationship between meat and human health. What benefits does meat provide for human growth and development? You will need to include a nutrient analysis in relation to human physiology across the lifecourse. You must include a discussion of the types of cancers, illnesses and deaths said to be driven by an over-consumption of red meat. 


 * 2. ** **PRESENT YOUR ARTEFACT**

This cultural artefact is a representation of the effects of over consumption of meats. “Evolution” by Patrick Boivin depicts what can be described as a “first world problem”. A metaphor that fatty fast foods and over consumption turning humans into pigs. The first of the illustrations being the under-developed human, next the Neanderthal followed by the modern man. Depicted with a gun and shovel, still possessing a strong lean figure, giving the impression of a health industrious person. The last picture before it turns into a pig is a fat obese man holding a McDonald's take away bag and soft drink.

The public health issue that I am concentrating on is the over consumption of red meats. The cancers, illnesses and death that come from over consumption and highlighting the demand it places on the health department. The lack of public awareness of the disease burden caused by the over consumption of red-meats. My artefact represents this health issue by the visual change from the strong lean figure of the modern man to the obese 21st century man with his fast food.
 * 3. NAME THE PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE CENTRAL TO YOUR **


 * 4. LITERATURE REVIEW **

__Meat human health and development. __

Meat has been one of the most instrumental factors in the development of humans. High levels of knowledge, skill, coordination, and strength are required to achieve the high-quality resources humans consume. The productivity of a person increases with age as the investment of time in acquiring skill and knowledge happens over a life time. Long human life span has evolved with the lengthening of juvenile periods; increased brain capacity was one of the results of the longer juvenile period. The dietary shift to large game animals helped facilitate this evolution as the older men could feed the family on one kill. Leading to the younger family members spending more time acquiring skills and developing their brain. (Kaplan, H., Hill, K., Lancaster, J., & Hurtado, A. M. (2000)

**__What we need to consume in a day. __** Fat- 70 grams Sodium- 2,300 milligrams <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Protein- 50 grams <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Carbohydrates- 310 grams <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Fiber, Vitamins and minerals **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">What we do consume. __**





<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">pictures retrieved from (CSIRO, 2011). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The tables above show just how much and what we are consuming. If we look at an average pub meal being a 300gram steak contains. The steak contains 98gram of protein 48 grams over the daily recommended intake and 19 grams of fat 1/3 of are daily fat intake.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Typical nutritional content of **

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">110 grams of meat ** || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">(Polidori, P.(2011).
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Source ** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">calories  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">protein  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">carbs  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">fat  ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">fish ** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">110–140 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">20–25 g  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">0 g  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">1–5 g  ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">chicken breast ** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">160 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">28 g  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">0 g  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">7 g  ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">lamb ** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">250 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">30 g  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">0 g  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">14 g  ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">steak (beef top round) ** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">210 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">36 g  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">0 g  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">7 g  ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">steak (beef T-bone) ** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">450 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">25 g  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">0 g  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; text-align: center;">35 g  ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The pub meal is over are daily intake of protein, but if we take into account that over things we eat throughout the day all so contain fat and protein we are far above that is recommended intake for us.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">If we take the nutritional information of a big Mac (show below) as an example of a meal that is high in saturated fat. The sugars and sodium in the burger comes from the bun but the high fat content comes from the meet patty.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The protein is lower but the fat content is much higher. The consumption of MacDonald’s and other highly saturated fat fast foods is becoming more common in western society. Epidemiology shows that it is the low socio-economic people of our society are the highest consumers of these foods. They all so consume less fresh fruit and high fiber food. (Colin Tudge,. 2004).



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">According to McDonald's, 2012
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Big mac nutritional information. **
 * || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Avg Qty / Serve || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">%DI || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Avg Qty / 100g ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Energy (KJ) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">2060 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">24% || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">1030 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Energy (Cal) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">493 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">24% || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">245 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Protein (g) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">25.2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">50% || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">12.5 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Fat, total (g) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">26.9 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">38% || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">13.4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Saturated Fat (g) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">10.7 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">44% || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">5.3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Carbohydrate(g) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">35.3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">11% || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">17.6 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sugars (g) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">5.9 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">7% || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">2.9 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sodium (mg) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">859 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">37% || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">427 ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">(Polidori, P.,(2011). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">To the top is a table of serving sizes for women. The 2013 Australian Dietary Guidelines recommend eating red meat as part of a healthy diet young women particularly when pregnant. As you can see pregnant and breastfeeding women need to eat more meat. Not eating meat when pregnant is possible but requires a large amount of work as needing to consume the nutrients to support the growth of a child is large (CSIRO, 2011). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">.  **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Over-consumption of red meat and Disease. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Women || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Bread, cereals, rice, past noodles || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Vegetables, legumes || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Fruit || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Milk, yogurt and cheese || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nut’s and legumes || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Extra food ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Women 19-60 years of age || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">4-9 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">5 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">0-2 ½ ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Pregnant || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">4-6 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">5-6 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">4 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">1 ½ || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">0 – 2 ½ ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Breastfeeding || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">5-7 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">7 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">5 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">0-2 ½ ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) have outlined that in 2009, the leading cause of death for all Australians was ischaemic heart disease, which includes angina, blocked arteries of the heart and heart attacks. Malhotra's, 1973 study hypothesises that dietary factors play a crucial part in Ischaemic heart disease which suggests this disease is a preventable one. Individual consuming diets that are high in meat and that include fewer vegetables, fruits and high fiber foods are more susceptible to diseases such as cancers, illnesses and death.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">In 2003, low fruit and vegetable and high meat consumption was estimated to be responsible for 2.1% of the total burden of disease in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Well being, 2003). Some of the diseases that caused by the over consumption of red meat causes:

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Diabetes **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Studies have shown that diets high in saturated fat have been associated with increased risk of diabetes & that this saturated fat content is often found in red meat. The rise of free fatty acids (FFAs) in blood interferes with glucose metabolism (Singh, P., 2008) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">.· **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">CVD **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Studies have also shown an increased risk of CVD due to the consumption of a red meat & saturated fats. This happens because of the increase of high density lipoproteins in the blood stream that contribute to atherosclerosis (Luciano, 2009; MLA, 2012)

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Obesity **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Due to the increased intake of fats, studies have shown that meat eaters generally have a larger BMI and increased risk of obesity. Obesity leads to a number of other health issues increase the likely hood of an earlier death (Lori Wiviott Tishler. 2012). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">In a 1986 study, Japanese researchers discovered cancer developing in rats that were fed "heterocyclic amines," compounds that are generated from overcooking meat under high heat. Further study showed that N-nitroso compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic amines all contributed to cancer. (Pan, A. et al., 2012).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">No study has ever found a direct cause-and-effect relationship between red-meat consumption and cancer.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">5. **__CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS__** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The culture of eating meat in Australia is well ingrained. Australia day is celebrated by barbequing a mix of meats while drinking with friends. When partaking in this social activity no one thinks about the health ramifications of over consumption. The real man eats meat and lots of it while vegetarians and vegetarian meals have the stigma of an unmanly alternative for the extremist left wing. While the real man will enter himself into an eating competition and eat more food in one sitting then a whole African family. Having the ability to eat meat has all ways been a representation of a person’s health and welfare, as animals are an expensive commodity. This conception is ingrained into western society from long ago and shows no pattern of leaving any time soon.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The most disturbing social aspect of over consumption is the apparent acceptance of risk factors such as obesity, diabetes and death. Telling a smoker that they are killing themselves is socially unacceptable however tell an obese person they our overweight and shouldn't eat fast food you are considered to be rude. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Education is the key to addressing this health issue. A number of people have taken it a pone themselves to help educate the general public. Jamie Oliver started a campaign to introduce healthy eating in England’s school cafeterias, razing cultural awareness on the effects of an unhealthy diet. Super size me a 2007 movie by Morgan Spurlock showed the effects of a person only consuming MacDonald’s, bring into the light just how bad fast food really is. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Moves and T.V. shows don’t solve the problem as children pick up a lot of their behavior patterns from their parents, if the parents feed child a lot of fast food they themselves will continue to do this throughout their life. This flow on effect of bad behavior through generations is what needs to stop. Public health needs to work on educating not only the children but the parents as well (Luciano, F. B. 2009). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Low socio-economic groups in our society are all ways the most vulnerable, in rural towns and communities the price of fresh food is higher than in the cities. Leading to a higher consumption of red meats in these communities, state and federal government needs to look into business subsidies to help the transport of fresh food to tease communities (Dillard, C. J.,(2000) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">My artefact “Evolution” by Patrick Boivin is an amazing and compelling piece of art. Not only is it visually stimulating but I find the underlining theme/point it puts across to be a light hearted view on what is a real public health issue. Although the art work was made to be shared for free on the internet I could imagine if it was a painting people would pay a lot of money for it. This project has taught me a lot, but the biggest lessen was just how much people in western society over consume. I have no doubt in my mind that future generations well be amazed at just how much our generation over consumed. I think the people of the future will look back at our generation and see selfish consumers only concerned with their bank account and themselves. I liken animals to oil in the fact that they are not <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">infinet, as more people populate this world there will be less space. Less space for every one including animals, as future generations eat less meat people will look back at us and see us as the fat over consumers we are. Eating animals is not overall evil, it is natural for us to it animals and have needed meat to evolve into the animals we are today. Just we as a society need to moderate are consumption of red meats to avoid the diseases that come from over consumption.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">6.ANALYSIS OF THE ARTEFACT AND YOUR OWN LEARNING REFLECTIONS __**


 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">7.Reference list __**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">CSIRO (2011) The facts on eating red meat. Retrieved October 27,2013 from __ [] __

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Colin Tudge. (2004). //It's a meat market//. London: Reed Business Information UK. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Dietitians Association of Australia (n.d.) Red meat and mortality. Retrieved October 29,2013 from __ [] __

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Dietitians Association of Australia (n.d.) Red meat and mortality. Retrieved October 27,2013 from []

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Dillard, C. J., & German, J. B. (2000). Phytochemicals: Nutraceuticals and human health. //Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80//(12), 1744-1756. doi:10.1002/1097- 0010(20000915)80:12<1744::AID-JSFA725>3.0.CO;2-W

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Kaplan, H., Hill, K., Lancaster, J., & Hurtado, A. M. (2000). A theory of human life history evolution: Diet, intelligence, and longevity. //Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 9//(4), 156-185. doi:10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:4<156::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-7

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Luciano, F. B. (2009). The impacts of lean red meat consumption on human health: a review. CyTA: //Journal of Food//, //7//(2), 143-151. doi: 10.1080/19476330902940523.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Lori Wiviott Tishler. (2012). Study: Red meat raises death rates. //Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Reviews of Health News,// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">National health and medical research council, 2012. the Australian guide to healthy eating. Backgroud information for consumers. Retrieved from []

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">National health and medical research council, 2012. The Australian guide to healthy eating. Backgroud information for consumers. Retrieved from []

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Mcdonald's, 2013. nutrition. Retrieved November 27 ,2013 from []

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Pan, A., Sun, Q., Bernstein, A., Schulze, M., Manson, J., Stampfer, M., Willett, W. & Hu, F. (2012). Red meat consumption and mortality: results from two prospective cohort studies. //Arch Intern Med//, //172//(7), 555-563. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed 2011.2287.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Polidori, P., Ortenzi, A., Vincenzetti, S., & Beghelli, D. (2011). Dietary properties of lamb meat and human health. //Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 4//(1), 53-56. doi:10.1007/s12349-010-0032-9

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Vang A., Singh, P., Lee, J., Haddad, E. & Brinegar, C. (2008). Meats, processed meats, obesity, weight gain and occurrence of diabetes among adults: findings from Adventist Health Studies. //Annals of nutrition and metabolism, 52//(2), 96-104. doi: 10.1159/000121365.


 * __<span style="color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">9. Reflection __**

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Your wiki has given me insight into the exact reasoning behind their removal in regards to the complaint, especially from religious groups such as the Australian Christian Lobby. While it is disappointing to know how they responded to this particular advertisement, I was curious to know if such groups had reacted as strongly to any other forms of over-sexualised advertisements that depicted heterosexual scenes instead? It would have provided an interesting comparison and maybe revealed whether or not there was more of a bias against non-heterosexual advertisements or whether these religious groups are really just overly sensitive to the issue of public sexual education.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">I felt the title of your wikipage was eye catching and made an easy pick for me to further explore. The artefact was very simple and allowed me before reading the page to wonder a little about what it could be and the explanation of what it was very clear and concise which added strength to the reason why it is a public health issue. The moral panic and social stigma that was explained that highly affect a drug user I felt was very a good point. The wiki lacked some explanations in smaller parts but I felt the message was clear and I took a great deal away from this top from this very interesting wiki.